Journal of Computing in Higher Education (2026)

The Hidden Drivers of
Online Collaborative Learning

A comprehensive HLM analysis examining how group composition shapes the effects of socio-emotional climate and positive interdependence on performance.

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Ucan, S., & Kadioglu-Akbulut, C. (2026). Examining group dynamics and composition characteristics with HLM in online collaborative instructional planning among pre-service teachers. Journal of Computing in Higher Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-026-09490-8

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Research Aims

To investigate the relationships among socio-emotional climate (SEC), positive interdependence (PI), and group outcome, and examine how gender composition and group history moderate these relationships in online settings.

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Importance

While collaborative planning is crucial, the "black box" of group dynamics remains opaque. Understanding these moderators helps educators move beyond "one-size-fits-all" grouping strategies.

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Method

Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM) was used to analyze nested data from pre-service teachers in an 8-week Online CIP project. Predictors included SEC, PI, gender, and collaboration history.

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Key Results

SEC and PI are reciprocal. Crucially, "All-Male" and "No History" groups are highly sensitive to these dynamics (volatile/steep slope). "Mixed", "Female", and "History" groups show a "ceiling effect" with high stability.

Interactive HLM Prediction Model

Live Group Dynamics Simulator

Adjust parameters to see real-time Interaction Graphs derived from the HLM analysis. Observe how group type changes the slope of success.

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High Conflict High Trust
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Individualistic Shared Goals

Gender Composition

Group History

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Projected Score: 78
Stable Structure (Ceiling Effect): Mixed/Female groups or those with history exhibit a high baseline performance regardless of socio-emotional climate. The slope is flattened, meaning factors beyond basic dynamics are needed for growth.

Faculty Implications

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Structured Forming

Groups with no history are most vulnerable. Faculty must embed specific "storming" activities early on, as these groups rely heavily on climate for success.

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Targeted Scaffolding

All-male groups show the highest volatility but also the highest potential gain. Use assigned roles emphasizing socio-emotional maintenance for these cohorts.

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Efficiency Shift

For groups with history, a "ceiling effect" exists. Shift focus from climate-building to complex coordination and critical evaluation.